Prior to joining UCC as the AXA Research Chair in Applied Pathogen Ecology, I was based at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) in Tanzania for almost 17 years, during which time I established what is now known as its Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department. During my time in Tanzania, I worked for the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Durham University and the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Before that I worked at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology in Kenya and at Tulane University in the USA.

Over the years, I have worked on a variety of basic and applied aspects of malaria transmission control, especially vector control, with a strong emphasis upon quantitative ecology and mathematical modelling, as well as capacity strengthening at individual, systems, institutional, national and regional levels. I have supported several national malaria control programmes and established the locally managed Dar es Salaam City Council Urban Malaria Control Programme, which has since been used as a model system for government scale up of environmentally friendly, pro-active larval source management for malaria vector mosquitoes more broadly across Tanzania. Some of my work on adult mosquito control with insecticidal bednets has shaped global policies regarding universal coverage targets for this life-saving technology, as well as investment in innovations to address limitations and vulnerabilities of this key front line vector control measure. More recently, I have worked on applying some of these new vector control approaches to combat malaria, Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya in both Africa and the Caribbean. Also, some of my postgraduate research training collaborations with the Zambian Malaria Elimination Centre have since resulted in nationally led initiatives to mobilize tens of thousands of Community Health Workers to serve the basic healthcare needs of isolated rural populations in particular.

Since joining UCC, I have continued to develop my interests in malaria epidemiology, control and vector ecology, as well as relevant capacity strengthening initiatives. Returning to Ireland at the outset of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, I also wrote several simple arithmetic models to inform pandemic response policy and practice and played an active role in evidence-based advocacy for elimination of the virus while that was still feasible. I have also really enjoyed branching out a little by developing new interests in the behaviour and ecology of large mammals of the tropics, as well as sustainable conservation of the high biodiversity ecosystems they live in, my particular favourites being lions and community-run protected areas in the moist miombo woodland zone of southern Tanzania.

BASIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION

1. Diverse basic science investigations into the environmental^1-10 biological^11-39, epidemiological^{36 40-48} and social/societal^{6 49-53} basis of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission.
2. Mortality-based phage-display selection of antibodies against mosquito midgut antigens^54-56.
3. Mosquito trapping, transport and data management methods^57-73, including evaluations up to multi-country scale⁷⁴.
4. Novel geographic and remote sensing methodologies for mapping malaria risk based on habitat distributions and mosquito dispersal patterns ^{3 5 7 9 10 75-78}, as well as socioeconomic and health disparities⁷⁹.
5. Novel analytical methods to determine age, species and physiological status of mosquitoes^80-86.
6. Large-cage mesocosms for developing vector control interventions with levels of safety, precision, throughput and experimental control that are impossible under full-field conditions^{87 88}. The facility I initially helped evaluate in Kenya^{87 88} is still extensively used^89-97, and similar systems have since been established in Australia⁹⁸, USA⁹⁹, Mexico^{100 101}, Cuba¹⁰², Sudan¹⁰³, Tanzania^104-107 and Burkina Faso^{108 109}.
7. Development and/or evaluation of diverse conventional^{50 75-77 110-124} and novel^{53 65 66 106 125-142} vector control methods, some of which ^{65-67 129-132} have completed independent trials^143-147.
8. New trapping^148-150 and analytical methods^{34 35 110 151-153} for quantifying the proportions of human exposure to mosquitoes bites which occurs indoors versus outdoors, and validation as epidemiological predictors of malaria risk¹¹³. These approaches are now being applied by independent groups in Kenya¹⁵⁴, Benin¹⁵⁵, The Solomon Islands¹⁵⁶, Equatorial Guinea¹⁵⁷, Cambodia¹⁵⁸, Senegal^{159 160}, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Colombia, Ecuador and Haiti.
9. Novel but simple and intuitive mathematical models for rational selection, optimization and evaluation of vector control interventions based on field measurements of mosquito behaviour and mortality^{11 12 18 22 30 31 124 129-131 161-175}.
10. Community-based mosquito trapping schemes for vector population dynamics surveillance at unprecedented scale and resolution developed and validated as predictive of malaria risk^{176 177}. National scale-up ongoing in Tanzania and Zambia, and being piloted in Kenya.
11. Community-based systems for regular screening and treatment of human populations that enable programmatic monitoring of malaria incidence with high sensitivity and spatial resolution^{178 179}. Demonstrated that the term “asymptomatic” malaria is a misnomer¹²³, because chronic infections are associated with high disease burden that can be addressed by community health workers¹⁷⁸.
12. Novel survey methodologies for assessing wildlife activity levels and ecological integrity of African conservation areas, particularly those with dense forest cover that precludes regular direct observation of most mammalian species^{180 181}.
13. Behavioural ecology of lions, working closely with Fota Wildlife Park in County Cork, Ireland on a small captive pride of Asiatic lions ^{182 183}.

TRANSLATION INTO POLICY AND PRACTICE

1. Contributions to policy debate through reviews, perspectives and commentaries^{18 22 30 31 40 114 123 144 160-162 171-175 184-200}, as well as consultancy support for WHO evidence synthesis¹⁹⁴ and policy formulation, resulting in long-overdue formal acknowledgment that eradication of malaria will require new vector control technologies to target numerous behaviourally resilient mosquito species^201-203. With permission from WHO, BMGF utilized wording from this evidence review¹⁹⁴ in the round 14 call for their Grand Challenges in Global Health scheme, and I acted as lead consultant for the Revolutionize Malaria Vector Control initiative by the Parker Foundation^{30 31 196 197}.
2. Based on my preceding historical review work^{184 186 187}, I established the Dar es Salaam Urban Malaria Control Programme (UMCP) and developed it into a south-centred²⁰⁴ institutional collaboration with a clear hierarchical structure for vertical management of community-based larval source management of malaria vectors²⁰⁵. In the initial pilot phase alone, the larval source management interventions delivered by this programme halved malaria risk for >600,000 people²⁰⁶. This programme was subsequently assimilated, funded and scaled up by the Government of Tanzania (GoT)²⁰⁵. Our independent evaluation of the government-run phase of this programme demonstrates continued impact upon vector density and malaria prevalence¹¹³. GoT has constructed a manufacturing plant for the biological larvicide used and has scaled up to several urban centres in 2019²⁰⁷.
3. My theoretical work to define universal coverage targets for long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)¹⁶⁴ was widely discussed²⁰⁸ and adopted as global policy by WHO within 2 months of publication²⁰⁹ and by the US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) later that year. Subsequent scale-up towards these universal coverage targets accounts for most of the >600 million malaria cases and 4 million malaria-related deaths averted in Africa over recent years^210-212. Unfortunately, public perceptions of the rationale for universal coverage have over the years drifted away from that originally envisaged and WHO policy has followed, so more recently I have had to re-engage with this debate to urge for accelerated market entry of new next generation LLINs with two or more active ingredients to mitigate and ideally contain insecticide resistance^{175 198}.
4. My prior work evaluating the world’s first biological insecticide against adult mosquitoes¹²⁵, this work has also involved me in high-level debate about transgenic biologicals for insecticide resistance management²¹³.
5. After many years of working on mosquito-proofed housing as a potentially-scalable intervention^110-112, our observational evaluation of unplanned community-wide uptake in the Tanzanian city or Dar es Salaam documented unprecedented levels of impact upon malaria²⁰⁶. Despite the complete absence of any deliberate promotion or subsidization, spontaneous scale up of window screens occurred rapidly and was associated with a 93% reduction of malaria prevalence²⁰⁶. Also, despite the absence of any insecticide treatments for the simple netting window screens installed by residents of the city at their own expense, scale-up resulted in suppression of mosquito populations en masse, especially the most efficient malaria vector species which are most heavily-dependent upon human blood²⁰⁶. This ground-breaking study was strongly endorsed in an editorial by WHO²¹⁴, and has helped stimulate investments in long-overdue operational research and large-scale trials. My more recent work on insecticide-treated house screening formats for low quality rural African housing¹⁴² is motivated by the opportunities it creates managing insecticide resistance evolution on a pre-emptive rather than reactive basis¹⁷⁵.
6. After returning to Ireland at the outset of the pandemic, I played an active role in evidence-based advocacy for elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the island of Ireland. I therefore wrote several simple arithmetic modelling analyses and commentaries on optimal pandemic response and prevention strategies for peer-reviewed journals^215-219, which I now use for teaching our undergraduates. I am one of three founding members of the Independent Scientific Advocacy Group (ISAG), a multidisciplinary voluntary association of scientists, academics, and researchers who came together to advocate for a SARS-CoV-2 elimination across the island of Ireland. In addition to helping lead the group, I also contributed evidence reviews and webinars as an ISAG member. During that period, I also have dozens of interviews to various media outlets and published several Op-Ed articles for national newspapers^220-225.
7. Operational research into institutional frameworks and practices that enable successful implementation of devolved, community-based conservation initiatives, specifically Tanzanian Wildlife Management Areas^{226 227}.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION CAPACITY

Overall, I have completed the supervision of 17 PhDs, 23 MScs and 9 postdoctoral researchers/fellows, the majority of whom have been Africans based at African institutions. Of the African applicants for Wellcome Trust (WT) fellowships whom I have sponsored and/or supervised, 8 out of 10 posgraduate and 3 out of 4 post-doctoral applicants have succeeded (11/14=78% success rate overall). My reputation as a supervisor and mentor is reflected in my standing role as a Facilitator at the annual Doctoral Supervisor’s Workshop of the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA), for which we have now published a curriculum²²⁸. My track record at African and Caribbean institutes is as follows:

1. At the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya (2000-2002), I found a large group of junior researchers already in place who lacked sufficient face-to-face academic support because of the isolated rural setting they were working in. I therefore dedicated myself to addressing that gap, by providing direct supervision and mentorship that led to 25 co-authored publications with mostly African lead authors. Several trainees went on to senior positions at ICIPE, the Kenya Medical Research Institute, IHI, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and University of Florida.
2. In Tanzania (2003-present), I founded and led the Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences (EHES) at IHI until 2012, when I handed over to a cadre of early-career African successors. This is the largest field-based malaria vector research group in Africa, and possibly the world. More than a dozen of our Tanzanian, Burundian and Kenyan postdoctoral scientists are now independently funded by a variety of donors including the European Union, WT, BMGF, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and World Health Organization (WHO).
3. In Zambia (2007-present), I have collaborated extensively with the National Malaria Elimination Centre (NMEC), including supervising the PhDs of their operational research officer^{178 179 229} and lead entomologist^{70 177 229}, who went on to be appointed Chief Regional Entomologist for the Elimination 8 countries of southern Africa. I also acted as sponsor and supervisor for a junior NMEC entomologists, who was awarded the first WT fellowship held by the Zambian MoH, went on to complete and publish^{32 137} his MSc, and has now completed his PhD at UCC with further papers now being published²³⁰. As with IHI, the subcontracting and scholarship mechanisms agreed with NMEC are consistent with the most stringent standards of the Council on Health Research and Development (COHRED) Fairness Index^{231 232} and most rigorous definition of system strengthening²³³.
4. Engagement in the global response to the Latin-American Zika pandemic took me to Haiti, where I established a collaboration with Université de Quisqueya (UQ) to evaluate our new outdoor personal protection measures^133-135 against local mosquito vectors of Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya. Again, the sub-contracting mechanisms agreed with UQ were designed to achieve system strengthening²³³, consistent with COHRED Fairness Index guidelines^{231 232}, and resulted in the publication of two first-authored papers by UQ investigators^{53 141}.
5. More recent collaborations with the Mentor Initiative, culminating in the completion of a PhD by Prior Published Work at UCC by Richard Allan OBE, have allowed me to engage further with players in the field of vector control in humanitarian emergencies, thereby highlighting their work and the policy implications for future research investments^{234 235}.
6. Our collaboration with the ILUMA Wildlife Management Area in Tanzania has resulted in institutional strengthening of this community-based conservation area, resulting rejuvenation of its management committee, improved enforcement of protections resulting in the return of elephant and buffalo to some parts of the area, identification of practical models for establishing incentivized, well-regulated custodian communities within protected areas²²⁶.  

 LITERATURE CITED

1. Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, et al. The practical importance of permanent and semipermanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: Operational observations from a rural town in western Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2004;9(12):1274-89. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01335.x
2. Sattler MA, Mtasiwa D, Kiama M, et al. Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period. Malaria Journal 2005;4 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-4
3. Dongus S, Nyika D, Kannady K, et al. Urban agriculture and Anopheles habitats in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Geospatial Health 2009;3(2):189-210. doi: 10.4081/gh.2009.220
4. Castro MC, Kanamori S, Kannady K, et al. The importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2010;4(5) doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000693
5. Hardy AJ, Gamarra JGP, Cross DE, et al. Habitat hydrology and geomorphology control the distribution of malaria vector larvae in rural Africa. PLoS ONE 2013;8(12) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081931
6. Russell TL, Lwetoijera DW, Knols BG, et al. Geographic coincidence of increased malaria transmission hazard and vulnerability occurring at the periphery of two Tanzanian villages. Malaria journal 2013;12 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-24
7. Hardy A, Mageni Z, Dongus S, et al. Mapping hotspots of malaria transmission from pre-existing hydrology, geology and geomorphology data in the pre-elimination context of Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania. Parasites and Vectors 2015;8(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0652-5
8. Mwakalinga VM, Sartorius BKD, Mlacha YP, et al. Spatially aggregated clusters and scattered smaller loci of elevated malaria vector density and human infection prevalence in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2016;15(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1186-9
9. Mlacha YP, Chaki PP, Malishee AD, et al. Fine scale mapping of malaria infection clusters by using routinely collected health facility data in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Geospatial Health 2017;12(1) doi: 10.4081/gh.2017.494
10. Mwakalinga VM, Sartorius BKD, Limwagu AJ, et al. Topographic mapping of the interfaces between human and aquatic mosquito habitats to enable barrier targeting of interventions against malaria vectors. R Soc Open Sci 2018;5(5):161055. doi: 10.1098/rsos.161055 [published Online First: 20180523]
11. Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, et al. A simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;62(5):535-44. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.535
12. Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, et al. The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;95(5):469-76. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90005-7
13. McKenzie FE, Killeen GF, Beier JC, et al. Seasonality, parasite diversity, and local extinctions in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Ecology 2001;82(10):2673-81. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2673:spdale]2.0.co;2
14. Mukabana WR, Takken W, Seda P, et al. Extent of digestion affects the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 2002;92(3):233-39. doi: 10.1079/BER2002164
15. Okanda FM, Dao A, Njiru BN, et al. Behavioural determinants of gene flow in malaria vector populations: Anopheles gambiae males select large females as mates. Malaria Journal 2002;1:1-7. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-1-1
16. Gu W, Killeen GF, Mbogo CM, et al. An individual-based model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission on the coast of Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003;97(1):43-50. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90018-6
17. Gu W, Mbogo CM, Githure JI, et al. Low recovery rates stabilize malaria endemicity in areas of low transmission in coastal Kenya. Acta Tropica 2003;86(1):71-81. doi: 10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00020-2
18. Killeen GF, Knols BGJ, Gu W. Taking malaria transmission out of the bottle: Implications of mosquito dispersal for vector-control interventions. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2003;3(5):297-303. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00611-X
19. Okech BA, Gouagna LC, Killeen GF, et al. Influence of Sugar Availability and Indoor Microclimate on Survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under Semifield Conditions in Western Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology 2003;40(5):657-63. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.5.657
20. Depinay JMO, Mbogo CM, Killeen G, et al. A simulation model of African Anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. Malaria Journal 2004;3 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-29
21. Impoinvil DE, Kongere JO, Foster WA, et al. Feeding and survival of the malaria vector gambiae on plants growing in Kenya. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2004;18(2):108-15. doi: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00484.x
22. Killeen GF, Seyoum A, Knols BGJ. Rationalizing historical successes of malaria control in Africa in terms of mosquito resource availabilty management. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;71(2 SUPPL.):87-93. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.2_suppl.0700087
23. Mukabana WR, Takken W, Killeen GF, et al. Allomonal effect of breath contributes to differential attractiveness of humans to the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal 2004;3:1-8. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-1
24. Ng'habi KR, John B, Nkwengulila G, et al. Effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Malaria Journal 2005;4 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-49
25. Huho BJ, Ng'habi KR, Killeen GF, et al. Nature beats nurture: a case study of the physiological fitness of free-living and laboratory-reared male Anopheles gambiae s.l. J Exp Biol 2007;210(Pt 16):2939-47. doi: 210/16/2939 [pii] 10.1242/jeb.005033 [published Online First: 2007/08/11]
26. Mukabana WR, Takken W, Killeen GF, et al. Clinical malaria reduces human attractiveness to mosquitoes. Proceedings of The Netherlands Entomological Society Meetings 2007;18:125-29.
27. Ng'habi KR, Huho BJ, Nkwengulila G, et al. Sexual selection in mosquito swarms. May the best man loose? Animal Behaviour 2008;76:105-12.
28. Mayagaya VS, Nkwengulila G, Lyimo IN, et al. The impact of livestock on the abundance, resting behaviour and sporozoite rate of malaria vectors in southern Tanzania. Malar J 2015;14:17. doi: 10.1186/s12936-014-0536-8 [published Online First: 2015/01/22]
29. Russell TL, Lwetoijera DW, Knols BGJ, et al. Linking individual phenotype to densitydependent population growth: The influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2011;278(1721):3142-51. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0153
30. Killeen GF, Kiware SS, Okumu FO, et al. Going beyond personal protection against mosquito bites to eliminate malaria transmission: population suppression of malaria vectors that exploit both human and animal blood. BMJ Glob Health 2017;2(2):e000198. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000198 [published Online First: 20170426]
31. Killeen GF, Marshall JM, Kiware SS, et al. Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact. BMJ Glob Health 2017;2(2):e000212. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000212 [published Online First: 20170426]
32. Chinula D, Hamainza B, Chizema E, et al. Proportional decline of Anopheles quadriannulatus and increased contribution of An. arabiensis to the An. gambiae complex following introduction of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl: An observational, retrospective secondary analysis of pre-existing data from south-east Zambia. Parasites and Vectors 2018;11(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3121-0
33. Shcherbacheva A, Haario H, Killeen GF. Modeling host-seeking behavior of African malaria vector mosquitoes in the presence of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Mathematical Biosciences 2018;295:36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.10.005
34. Killeen GF, Monroe A, Govella NJ. Simplified binomial estimation of human malaria transmission exposure distributions based on hard classification of where and when mosquitoes are caught: statistical applications with off-the-shelf tools. Parasit Vectors 2021;14(1):384. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04884-2 [published Online First: 20210803]
35. Monroe A, Moore S, Okumu F, et al. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malaria Journal 2020;19(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-020-03271-z
36. Amadi, M., Killeen GF, et al. Models of acquired immunity to malaria: a review. In: Ghaffari P, ed. Bio-Mathematics, Statistics and Nano-Technologies: Mosquito Control Strategies2023:68-108.
37. Walsh KA, Kavishe DR, Duggan LM, et al. Blood host preferences and competitive inter-species dynamics within an African malaria vector species complex inferred from signs of animal activity around aquatic larval habitats. BioRXive 2024 doi: 10.1101/2024.08.04.606513
38. Govella NJ, Johnson PCD, Killeen GF, et al. Heritability of biting time behaviours in the major African malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2023;22(1):238. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04671-7 [published Online First: 20230816]
39. Kavishe DR, Walsh KA, Msoffe RV, et al. Comparative attrraction of Anopheles quadriannulatus and Anopheles arabiensis to humans estimated by comparing their relative abundance in samples of mosquito larvae and adults collected across an ecologically heterogeneous landscape in southern Tanzania. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2025;n/a(n/a) doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12813
40. Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure JI. Short report: Entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999;61(1):109-13. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.109
41. Gouagna LC, Ferguson HM, Okech BA, et al. Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission to Anopheles gambiae: A field study in Western Kenya. Parasitology 2004;128(3):235-43. doi: 10.1017/S003118200300444X
42. Gouagna LC, Okech BA, Killeen GF, et al. Seasonality of Plasmodium falciparum infection and risk factors for gametocyte carriage in patients attending a rural health centre in Western Kenya. East African Medical Journal 2004;80:627-34.
43. Sama W, Killeen G, Smith T. Estimating the duration of Plasmodium falciparum infection from trials of indoor residual spraying. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;70(6):625-34. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.625
44. Smith T, Killeen G, Lengeler C, et al. Relationships between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;71(2 SUPPL.):80-86. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.80
45. Killeen G, Ross A, Smith T. Infectiousness of malaria-endemic human populations to vectors. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;75(SUPPL. 2):38-45. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.2_suppl.0750038
46. Ross A, Killeen G, Smith T. Relationships between host infectivity to mosquitoes and asexual parasite density in Plasmodium falciparum. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;75(SUPPL. 2):32-37. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.32
47. Smith T, Killeen GF, Maire N, et al. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: Overview. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;75(SUPPL. 2):1-10. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.2_suppl.0750001
48. Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, et al. Relationship between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;75(SUPPL. 2):11-18. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.2_suppl.0750011
49. Girardin O, Dao D, Koudou BG, et al. Opportunities and limiting factors of intensive vegetable farming in malaria endemic Côte d'Ivoire. Acta Tropica 2004;89(2):109-23. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.08.004
50. Opiyo P, Mukabana WR, Kiche I, et al. An exploratory study of community factors relevant for participatory malaria control on Rusinga Island, western Kenya. Malaria Journal 2007;6 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-48
51. Msellemu D, Shemdoe A, Makungu C, et al. The underlying reasons for very high levels of bed net use, and higher malaria infection prevalence among bed net users than non-users in the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam: A qualitative study. Malaria Journal 2017;16(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2067-6
52. Makungu C, Stephen S, Kumburu S, et al. Informing new or improved vector control tools for reducing the malaria burden in Tanzania: A qualitative exploration of perceptions of mosquitoes and methods for their control among the residents of Dar es Salaam. Malaria Journal 2017;16(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2056-9
53. Damus O, Supreme C, Lemoine JF, et al. Community end user perceptions of hessian fabric transfluthrin vapour emanators for protecting against mosquitoes under conditions of routine use in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PLoS One 2024;19(7):e0300368. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300368 [published Online First: 20240710]
54. Killeen GF, Foy BD, Shahabuddin M, et al. Tagging bloodmeals with phagemids allows feeding of multiple-sample arrays to single cages of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and the recovery of single recombinant antibody fragment genes from individual insects. J Med Entomol 2000;37(4):528-33.
55. Foy BD, Killeen GF, Frohn RH, et al. Characterization of a unique human single-chain antibody isolated by phage-display selection on membrane-bound mosquito midgut antigens. Journal of Immunological Methods 2002;261(1-2):73-83. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1759(01)00554-3
56. Killeen GF, Foy BD, Beier JC. 2002. U.S.A. patent US 6472150 B1.
57. Mathenge EM, Killeen GF, Oulo DO, et al. Development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling Afrotropical malaria vectors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2002;16(1):67-74. doi: 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2002.00350.x
58. Mathenge EM, Omweri GO, Irungu LW, et al. Comparative field evaluation of the Mbita trap, the Centers for Disease Control light trap, and the human landing catch for sampling of malaria vectors in western Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;70(1):33-37. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.33
59. Mathenge EM, Misiani GO, Oulo DO, et al. Comparative performance of the Mbita trap, CDC light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western Kenya. Malaria Journal 2005;4 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-7
60. Okumu FO, Kotas ME, Kihonda J, et al. Comparative evaluation of methods used for sampling malaria vectors in the Kilombero Valley, south eastern Tanzania. Open Trop Med J 2008;1:51-55.
61. Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Geissbuhler Y, et al. A new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Malaria Journal 2009;8(1):157. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-157
62. Okumu FO, Titus E, Mbeyela E, et al. Limitation of using synthetic human odours to test mosquito repellents. Malar J 2009;8:150. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-150 [published Online First: 20090707]
63. Sikulu M, Govella NJ, Ogoma SB, et al. Comparative evaluation of the Ifakara tent trap-B, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2009;8(1):197. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-197
64. Govella NJ, Moore JD, Killeen GF. An exposure-free tool for monitoring adult malaria mosquito populations. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010;83(3):596-600. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0682
65. Okumu FO, Govella NJ, Moore SJ, et al. Potential benefits, limitations and target product-profiles of odor-baited mosquito traps for malaria control in Africa. PLoS ONE 2010;5(7) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011573
66. Okumu FO, Killeen GF, Ogoma S, et al. Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans. PLoS One 2010;5(1):e8951. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008951 [published Online First: 20100128]
67. WageningenUniversityandIfakaraHealthInstitute. 2010.
68. Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Mpangile JM, et al. Monitoring mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam: Evaluation of resting boxes, window exit traps, CDC light traps, Ifakara tent traps and human landing catches. Parasites and Vectors 2011;4(1):40. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-40
69. Lorenz LM, Keane A, Moore JD, et al. Taxis assays measure directional movement of mosquitoes to olfactory cues. Parasites and Vectors 2013;6(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-131
70. Sikaala CH, Killeen GF, Chanda J, et al. Evaluation of alternative mosquito sampling methods for malaria vectors in Lowland South - East Zambia. Parasites and Vectors 2013;6(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-91
71. Wong J, Bayoh N, Olang G, et al. Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: Evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya. Malaria Journal 2013;12(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-143
72. Kiware SS, Russell TL, Mtema ZJ, et al. A generic schema and data collection forms applicable to diverse entomological studies of mosquitoes. Source Code for Biology and Medicine 2016;11(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13029-016-0050-1
73. Kavishe DR, Msoffe RV, Malika GZ, et al. A self-cooling self-humidifying mosquito carrier backpack for transporting live adult mosquitoes on foot over long distances under challenging field conditions. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2024;n/a(n/a) doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12771
74. Briet OJ, Huho BJ, Gimnig JE, et al. Applications and limitations of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps for measuring biting densities of African malaria vector populations: a pooled-analysis of 13 comparisons with human landing catches. Malar J 2015;14:247. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0761-9 [published Online First: 2015/06/18]
75. Dongus S, Nyika D, Kannady K, et al. Participatory mapping of target areas to enable operational larval source management to suppress malaria vector mosquitoes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6 doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-6-37
76. Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, et al. A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 2008;7(1):20.
77. Dongus S, Mwakalinga V, Kannady K, et al. Participatory mapping as a component of operational malaria vector control in Tanzania. Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health2011:321-36.
78. Brydegaard M, Jansson S, Malmqvist E, et al. Lidar reveals activity anomaly of malaria vectors during pan-African eclipse. Science Advances 2020;6(20) doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5487
79. Msuya I, Boudou M, Levira F, et al. Stratifying urban neighbourhoods by income: Comparison of a subjective participatory approach and an objective statistical analysis of deprivation indicators in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2025;52(9):2285-300. doi: 10.1177/23998083251334686
80. Huho BJ, Ng'habi KR, Killeen GF, et al. A reliable morphological method to assess the age of male Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal 2006;5 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-62
81. Mayagaya VS, Michel K, Benedict MQ, et al. Non-destructive determination of age and species of Anopheles gambiae s.l. using near-infrared spectroscopy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009;81(4):622-30. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0192
82. Sikulu M, Killeen GF, Hugo LE, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy as a complementary age grading and species identification tool for African malaria vectors. Parasites and Vectors 2010;3(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-49
83. Sikulu M, Dowell KM, Hugo LE, et al. Evaluating RNAlater ® as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict Anopheles gambiae age and species. Malaria Journal 2011;10 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-186
84. Sikulu MT, Monkman J, Dave KA, et al. Mass spectrometry identification of age-associated proteins from the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles stephensi. Data in Brief 2015;4:461-67. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.07.007
85. Sikulu MT, Monkman J, Dave KA, et al. Proteomic changes occurring in the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi during aging. Journal of Proteomics 2015;126:234-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.008
86. Mayagaya VS, Ntamatungiro AJ, Moore SJ, et al. Evaluating preservation methods for identifying Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis complex mosquitoes species using near infra-red spectroscopy. Parasit Vectors 2015;8:60. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0661-4 [published Online First: 2015/01/28]
87. Knols BGJ, Njiru BN, Mathenge EM, et al. MalariaSphere: A greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural Anophelesgambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) ecosystem in western Kenya. Malaria Journal 2002;1:1-13. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-1-1
88. Knols BGJ, Njiru BNN, Mukabana RW, et al. Contained semi-field environments for ecological studies on transgenic African malaria vectors. In: Scott TW, Takken W, eds. Ecology of transgenic mosquitoes. Wageningen: Wageningen University and Research Centre 2003:99-106.
89. Mweresa CK, Omusula P, Otieno B, et al. Molasses as a source of carbon dioxide for attracting the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Malar J 2014;13:160. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-160
90. Herrera-Varela M, Lindh J, Lindsay SW, et al. Habitat discrimination by gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu lato--a push-pull system. Malar J 2014;13:133. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-133
91. Lindh JM, Okal MN, Herrera-Varela M, et al. Discovery of an oviposition attractant for gravid malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. Malar J 2015;14:119. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0636-0
92. Okal MN, Francis B, Herrera-Varela M, et al. Water vapour is a pre-oviposition attractant for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Malar J 2013;12:365. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-365
93. Okal MN, Herrera-Varela M, Ouma P, et al. Analysing chemical attraction of gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto with modified BG-Sentinel traps. Parasit Vectors 2015;8:301. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0916-0
94. Eneh LK, Okal MN, Borg-Karlson AK, et al. Gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto avoid ovipositing in Bermuda grass hay infusion and it's volatiles in two choice egg-count bioassays. Malar J 2016;15(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1330-6
95. Spitzen J, Spoor CW, Grieco F, et al. A 3D analysis of flight behavior of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto malaria mosquitoes in response to human odor and heat. PLoS One 2013;8:e62995. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062995
96. Hiscox A, Otieno B, Kibet A, et al. Development and optimization of the Suna trap as a tool for mosquito monitoring and control. Malar J 2014;13:257. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-257 [published Online First: 2014/07/08]
97. Menger DJ, Omusula P, Wouters K, et al. Eave Screening and Push-Pull Tactics to Reduce House Entry by Vectors of Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;94(4):868-78. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0632
98. Walker T, Johnson PH, Moreira LA, et al. The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. Nature 2011;476(7361):450-3. doi: 10.1038/nature10355
99. Jackson BT, Stone CM, Ebrahimi B, et al. A low-cost mesocosm for the study of behaviour and reproductive potential in Afrotropical mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of malaria. Med Vet Entomol 2015;29(1):104-9. doi: 10.1111/mve.12085
100. Facchinelli L, Valerio L, Bond JG, et al. Development of a semi-field system for contained field trials with Aedes aegypti in southern Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011;85(2):248-56. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0426
101. Facchinelli L, Valerio L, Ramsey JM, et al. Field cage studies and progressive evaluation of genetically-engineered mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7(1):e2001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002001
102. Gato R, Lees RS, Bruzon RY, et al. Large indoor cage study of the suppression of stable Aedes aegypti populations by the release of thiotepa-sterilised males. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014;109(3):365-70.
103. Helinski ME, Hassan MM, El-Motasim WM, et al. Towards a sterile insect technique field release of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in Sudan: irradiation, transportation, and field cage experimentation. Malar J 2008;7:65. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-65
104. Ferguson HM, Ng'habi KR, Walder T, et al. Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2008;7 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-158
105. Ng'habi KR, Mwasheshi D, Knols BG, et al. Establishment of a self-propagating population of the African malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis under semi-field conditions. Malar J 2010;9:356. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-356 [published Online First: 2010/12/15]
106. Lwetoijera DW, Harris C, Kiware SS, et al. Comprehensive sterilization of malaria vectors using pyriproxyfen: a step closer to malaria elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90(5):852-5. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0550 [published Online First: 2014/03/19]
107. Lwetoijera D, Harris C, Kiware S, et al. Effective autodissemination of pyriproxyfen to breeding sites by the exophilic malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in semi-field settings in Tanzania. Malar J 2014;13:161. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-161 [published Online First: 2014/05/02]
108. Lovett B, Bilgo E, Millogo SA, et al. Transgenic Metarhizium rapidly kills mosquitoes in a malaria-endemic region of Burkina Faso. Science 2019;364(6443):894-97. doi: 10.1126/science.aaw8737
109. Lovett B, Bilgo E, Diabate A, et al. A review of progress toward field application of transgenic mosquitocidal entomopathogenic fungi. Pest Manag Sci 2019 doi: 10.1002/ps.5385
110. Geissbühler Y, Chaki P, Emidi B, et al. Interdependence of domestic malaria prevention measures and mosquito-human interactions in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2007;6 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-126
111. Ogoma SB, Kannady K, Sikulu M, et al. Window screening, ceilings and closed eaves as sustainable ways to control malaria in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2009;8(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-221
112. Ogoma SB, Lweitoijera DW, Ngonyani H, et al. Screening mosquito house entry points as a potential method for integrated control of endophagic filariasis, arbovirus and malaria vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(8):e773. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000773 [published Online First: 20100803]
113. Msellemu D, Namango HI, Mwakalinga VM, et al. The epidemiology of residual Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission and infection burden in an African city with high coverage of multiple vector control measures. Malaria Journal 2016;15(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1340-4
114. Mukabana WR, Kannady K, Kiama GM, et al. Ecologists can enable communities to implement malaria vector control in Africa. Malaria Journal 2006;5 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-9
115. Vanek MJ, Shoo B, Mtasiwa D, et al. Community-based surveillance of malaria vector larval habitats: A baseline study in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2006;6 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-154
116. Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Shoo B, et al. Achieving high coverage of larval-stage mosquito surveillance: Challenges for a community-based mosquito control programme in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2009;8(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-311
117. Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki PP, et al. Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 2009;4(3) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005107
118. Chaki PP, Dongus S, Fillinger U, et al. Community-owned resource persons for malaria vector control: Enabling factors and challenges in an operational programme in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Human Resources for Health 2011;9 doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-9-21
119. Killeen GF, Tami A, Kihonda J, et al. Cost-sharing strategies combining targeted public subsidies with private-sector delivery achieve high bednet coverage and reduced malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania. BMC Infectious Diseases 2007;7 doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-121
120. Khatib RA, Killeen GF, Abdulla SMK, et al. Markets, voucher subsidies and free nets combine to achieve high bed net coverage in rural Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2008;7 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-98
121. Russell TL, Lwetoijera DW, Maliti D, et al. Impact of promoting longer-lasting insecticide treatment of bed nets upon malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated nets. Malaria Journal 2010;9(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-187
122. Russell TL, Govella NJ, Azizi S, et al. Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2011;10 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-80
123. Chen I, Clarke SE, Gosling R, et al. “Asymptomatic” Malaria: A Chronic and Debilitating Infection That Should Be Treated. PLoS Medicine 2016;13(1) doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001942
124. Okumu FO, Kiware SS, Moore SJ, et al. Mathematical evaluation of community level impact of combining bed nets and indoor residual spraying upon malaria transmission in areas where the main vectors are Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. Parasites and Vectors 2013;6(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-17
125. Scholte EJ, Ng'habi K, Kihonda J, et al. An entomopathogenic fungus for control of adult African malaria mosquitoes. Science 2005;308:1641-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1108639 [published Online First: 2005/06/11]
126. Seyoum A, Kabiru EW, Lwande W, et al. Repellency of live potted plants against Anopheles gambiae from human baits in semi-field experimental huts. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002;67(2 SUPPL.):191-95. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.191
127. Seyoum A, Pålsson K, Kung’a S, et al. Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: Ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002;96(3):225-31. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90084-2
128. Seyoum A, Killeen GF, Kabiru EW, et al. Field efficacy of thermally expelled or live potted repellent plants against African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2003;8(11):1005-11. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-2276.2003.01125.x
129. Devine GJ, Perea EZ, Killeen GF, et al. Autodissemination of an insecticide by adult mosquitoes drammatically amplifies lethal coverage of their aquatic habitats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:11530-34. doi: 10.1073 pnas.0901369106
130. Devine GJ, Killeen GF. The potential of a new larviciding method for the control of malaria vectors. Malaria Journal 2010;9(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-142
131. Kiware SS, Corliss G, Merrill S, et al. Predicting scenarios for successful autodissemination of pyriproxyfen by malaria vectors from their resting sites to aquatic habitats; description and simulation analysis of a field-parameterizable model. PLoS ONE 2015;10(7) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131835
132. Okumu F, Biswaro L, Mbeleyela E, et al. Using nylon strips to dispense mosquito attractants for sampling the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. Journal of Medical Entomology 2010;47(2):274-82. doi: 10.1603/ME09114
133. Govella NJ, Ogoma SB, Paliga J, et al. Impregnating hessian strips with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin prevents outdoor exposure to vectors of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Parasites and Vectors 2015;8(1):322. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0937-8
134. Ogoma SB, Mmando AS, Swai JK, et al. A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2017;11(4):e0005455. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005455
135. Ogoma SB, Ngonyani H, Simfukwe ET, et al. Spatial repellency of transfluthrin-treated hessian strips against laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in a semi-field tunnel cage. Parasites and Vectors 2012;5(1):54. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-54
136. Killeen GF, Masalu JP, Chinula D, et al. Control of malaria vector mosquitoes by insecticide-treated combinations of window screens and eave baffles. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2017;23(5):782-89. doi: 10.3201/eid2305.160662
137. Chinula D, Sikaala CH, Chanda-Kapata P, et al. Wash-resistance of pirimiphos-methyl insecticide treatments of window screens and eave baffles for killing indoor-feeding malaria vector mosquitoes: an experimental hut trial, South East of Zambia. Malar J 2018;17:164.
138. Chaccour CJ, Ngha'Bi K, Abizanda G, et al. Targeting cattle for malaria elimination: Marked reduction of Anopheles arabiensis survival for over six months using a slow-release ivermectin implant formulation. Parasites and Vectors 2018;11(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2872-y
139. Ng'habi K, Viana M, Matthiopoulos J, et al. Mesocosm experiments reveal the impact of mosquito control measures on malaria vector life history and population dynamics. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):13949. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31805-8 [published Online First: 20180917]
140. Govella NJ, Assenga A, Mlwale AT, et al. Entomological assessment of hessian fabric transfluthrin vapour emanators for protecting against outdoor-biting Aedes aegypti in coastal Tanzania. PLoS One 2024;19(5):e0299722. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299722 [published Online First: 20240529]
141. Supreme C, Damus O, Frederick J, et al. Entomological assessment of hessian fabric transfluthrin vapour emanators as a means to protect against outdoor-biting Aedes after providing them to households for routine use in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PLoS One 2024;19(5):e0298919. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298919 [published Online First: 20240528]
142. Msoffe R, Hewitt M, Masalu JP, et al. Participatory development of practical, affordable, insecticide-treated mosquito proofing for a range of housing designs in rural southern Tanzania. Malar J 2022;21(1):318. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04333-0 [published Online First: 20221105]
143. Homan T, Hiscox A, Mweresa CK, et al. Stepped wedge cluster-randomised trial of the impact of mass mosquito trapping on malaria (SolarMal). Lancet 2016;388:1193-201.
144. Killeen GF. Mass trapping of malaria vector mosquitoes. The Lancet 2016;388(10050):1136-37. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30674-2
145. Abad-Franch F, Zamora-Perea E, Ferraz G, et al. Mosquito-disseminated pyriproxyfen yields high breeding-site coverage and boosts juvenile mosquito mortality at the neighborhood scale. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(4):e0003702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003702
146. Caputo B, Ienco A, Cianci D, et al. The "auto-dissemination" approach: a novel concept to fight Aedes albopictus in urban areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(8):e1793. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001793
147. Mains JW, Brelsfoard CL, Dobson SL. Male mosquitoes as vehicles for insecticide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(1):e0003406. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003406
148. Majambere S, Massue DJ, Mlacha Y, et al. Advantages and limitations of commercially available electrocuting grids for studying mosquito behaviour. Parasites and Vectors 2013;6(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-53
149. Maliti DV, Govella NJ, Killeen GF, et al. Development and evaluation of mosquito-electrocuting traps as alternatives to the human landing catch technique for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. Malaria Journal 2015;14(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-1025-4
150. Govella NJ, Maliti DF, Mlwale AT, et al. An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch. Malaria Journal 2016;15(1):465. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1513-1
151. Killeen GF, Kihonda J, Lyimo E, et al. Quantifying behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes: evaluating the protective efficacy of insecticidal nets against malaria transmission in rural Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:161. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-161 [published Online First: 20061110]
152. Seyoum A, Sikaala CH, Chanda J, et al. Human exposure to anopheline mosquitoes occurs primarily indoors, even for users of insecticide-treated nets in Luangwa Valley, South-east Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2012;5:101. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-101 [published Online First: 20120530]
153. Huho B, Briët O, Seyoum A, et al. Consistently high estimates for the proportion of human exposure to malaria vector populations occurring indoors in rural Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology 2013;42(1):235-47. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys214
154. Bayoh MN, Walker ED, Kosgei J, et al. Persistently high estimates of late night, indoor exposure to malaria vectors despite high coverage of insecticide treated nets. Parasites and Vectors 2014;7(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-380
155. Moiroux N, Damien GB, Egrot M, et al. Human exposure to early morning Anopheles funestus biting behavior and personal protection provided by long-lasting insecticidal nets. PLoS ONE 2014;9(8) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104967
156. Bugoro H, Cooper RD, Butafa C, et al. Bionomics of the malaria vector Anopheles farauti in Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: issues for malaria elimination. Malar J 2011;10:133. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-133 [published Online First: 2011/05/20]
157. Bradley J, Lines J, Fuseini G, et al. Outdoor biting by Anopheles mosquitoes on Bioko Island does not currently impact on malaria control. Malar J 2015;14:170.
158. Gryseels C, Durnez L, Gerrets R, et al. Re-imagining malaria: heterogeneity of human and mosquito behaviour in relation to residual malaria transmission in Cambodia. Malar J 2015;14:165. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0689-0
159. Sougoufara S, Thiaw O, Cailleau A, et al. The Impact of Periodic Distribution Campaigns of Long-Lasting Insecticidal-Treated Bed Nets on Malaria Vector Dynamics and Human Exposure in Dielmo, Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018;98(5):1343-52. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0009
160. Killeen GF. A revival of epidemiological entomology in Senegal. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2018;98(5):1216-17. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0162
161. Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, et al. The potential impact of integrated malaria transmission control on entomologic inoculation rate in highly endemic areas. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;62(5):545-51. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.545
162. Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BGJ. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: Low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malaria Journal 2002;1:1-7. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-1-1
163. Killeen GF, Smith TA. Exploring the contributions of bed nets, cattle, insecticides and excitorepellency to malaria control: a deterministic model of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and mortality. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;101(9):867-80. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.04.022
164. Killeen GF, Smith TA, Ferguson HM, et al. Preventing childhood malaria in Africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets. PLoS Medicine 2007;4(7):1246-58. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040229
165. Govella NJ, Okumu FO, Killeen GF. Insecticide-treated nets can reduce malaria transmission by mosquitoes which feed outdoors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;82:415-19. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0579 [published Online First: 2010/03/09]
166. Killeen GF, Chitnis N, Moore SJ, et al. Target product profile choices for intra-domiciliary malaria vector control pesticide products: Repel or kill? Malaria Journal 2011;10 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-207
167. Killeen GF, Okumu FO, N'Guessan R, et al. The importance of considering community-level effects when selecting insecticidal malaria vector products. Parasit Vectors 2011;4:160. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-160
168. Killeen GF, Moore SJ. Target product profiles for protecting against outdoor malaria transmission. Malar J 2012;11:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-17
169. Kiware SS, Chitnis N, Devine GJ, et al. Biologically meaningful coverage indicators for eliminating malaria transmission. Biology Letters 2012;8(5):874-77. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0352
170. Kiware SS, Chitnis N, Moore SJ, et al. Simplified models of vector control impact upon malaria transmission by zoophagic mosquitoes. PLoS ONE 2012;7(5) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037661
171. Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Killeen GF. Entomological surveillance of behavioural resilience and resistance in residual malaria vector populations. Malaria Journal 2013;12(1):124. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-124
172. Killeen GF, Chitnis N. Potential causes and consequences of behavioural resilience and resistance in malaria vector populations: a mathematical modelling analysis. Malar J 2014;13:97. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-97 [published Online First: 20140314]
173. Killeen GF, Kiware SS, Seyoum A, et al. Comparative assessment of diverse strategies for malaria vector population control based on measured rates at which mosquitoes utilize targeted resource subsets. Malar J 2014;13:338. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-338 [published Online First: 20140828]
174. Killeen GF, Seyoum A, Gimnig JE, et al. Made-to-measure malaria vector control strategies: Rational design based on insecticide properties and coverage of blood resources for mosquitoes. Malaria Journal 2014;13(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-146
175. Killeen GF. Control of malaria vectors and management of insecticide resistance through universal coverage with next-generation insecticide-treated nets. The Lancet 2020;395(10233):1394-400. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30745-5
176. Chaki PP, Mlacha Y, Msellemu D, et al. An affordable, quality-assured community-based system for high-resolution entomological surveillance of vector mosquitoes that reflects human malaria infection risk patterns. Malaria Journal 2012;11 doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-172
177. Sikaala CH, Chinula D, Chanda J, et al. A cost-effective, community-based, mosquito-trapping scheme that captures spatial and temporal heterogeneities of malaria transmission in rural Zambia. Malaria Journal 2014;13(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-225
178. Hamainza B, Moonga H, Sikaala CH, et al. Monitoring, characterization and control of chronic, symptomatic malaria infections in rural Zambia through monthly household visits by paid community health workers. Malaria Journal 2014;13(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-128
179. Hamainza B, Killeen GF, Kamuliwo M, et al. Comparison of a mobile phone-based malaria reporting system with source participant register data for capturing spatial and temporal trends in epidemiological indicators of malaria transmission collected by community health workers in rural Zambia. Malaria Journal 2014;13(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-489
180. Duggan LM, Tarimo LJ, Walsh KA, et al. Direct comparative assessment of radial and transect surveys to document wild mammal activity across diverse habitat types. African Journal of Ecology 2024;62(3):e13309. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.13309
181. Duggan LM, Walsh KA, Tarimo LJ, et al. A subjective and intuitive approach to rapid, holistic assessment of natural ecosystem integrity across a community-managed conservation area in southern Tanzania. Authorea 2024 doi: 10.22541/au.171733407.76333984/v1 [published Online First: 2^nd June 2024]
182. Hennessy J, Fonteneau J, NíScanaill C, et al. Territorial vocalization patterns of captive Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) in the middle of winter at high latitude. Zoo Biology 2023;n/a(n/a) doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21778
183. Feeney M, Walsh C, Fonteneau J, et al. The Influence of Seasonal Weather Conditions at High Latitudes on the Temporal Distribution of Territorial Vocalizations by Captive Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica). Zoo Biol 2025 doi: 10.1002/zoo.70036 [published Online First: 20251106]
184. Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Kiche I, et al. Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: Lessons for malaria control in Africa? Lancet Infectious Diseases 2002;2(10):618-27. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00397-3
185. Killeen GF, Knols BGJ, Fillinger U, et al. Interdisciplinary malaria vector research and training for Africa. Trends in Parasitology 2002;18(10):433-34. doi: 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02367-X
186. Utzinger J, Tanner M, Kammen DM, et al. Integrated programme is key to malaria control [1]. Nature 2002;419(6906):431. doi: 10.1038/419431a
187. Killeen GF. Following in Soper's footsteps: Northeast Brazil 63 years after eradication of Anopheles gambiae. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2003;3(10):663-66. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00776-X
188. Mshinda H, Killeen GF, Mukabana RW, et al. Development of genetically modified mosquitoes in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:264-65.
189. Killeen GF, Tanner M, Mukabana WR, et al. Habitat targeting for controlling aquatic stages of malaria vectors in Africa [1]. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;74(4):517-18. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.517
190. Ferguson HM, Dornhaus A, Beeche A, et al. Ecology: A prerequisite for malaria elimination and eradication. PLoS Medicine 2010;7(8) doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000303
191. Killeen GF. A second chance to tackle African malaria vector mosquitoes that avoid houses and don't take drugs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2013;88(5):809-16. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0065
192. Killeen GF, Seyoum A, Sikaala C, et al. Eliminating malaria vectors. Parasites and Vectors 2013;6(1):172. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-172
193. Killeen GF, Thomas MB, Greenwood B. Modulating malaria with wolbachia. Nature Medicine 2013;19(8):974-75. doi: 10.1038/nm.3298
194. Killeen GF. Characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission. Malar J 2014;13:330. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-330 [published Online First: 20140823]
195. Chaccour C, Killeen GF. Mind the gap: Residual malaria transmission, veterinary endectocides and livestock as targets for malaria vector control. Malaria Journal 2016;15(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-1063-y
196. Killeen GF, Tatarsky A, Diabate A, et al. Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination. BMJ Glob Health 2017;2(2):e000211. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000211 [published Online First: 20170426]
197. Williams YA, Tusting LS, Hocini S, et al. Expanding the Vector Control Toolbox for Malaria Elimination: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Advances in Parasitology, 2018:345-79.
198. Killeen GF, Ranson H. Insecticide-resistant malaria vectors must be tackled. The Lancet 2018;391(10130):1551-52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30844-4
199. Killeen GF, Reed TE. The portfolio effect cushions mosquito populations and malaria transmission against vector control interventions. Malaria Journal 2018;17(1) doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2441-z
200. Killeen GF, Chaki PP, Reed TE, et al. Entomological surveillance as a cornerstone of malaria elimination: a critical appraisal. In: Dev V, Manguin S, eds. Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward. London: InTech 2018:403-29.
201. WorldHealthOrganization. Guidance Note-Control of residual malaria parasite transmission: WHO Global Malaria Programme, 2014:5.
202. WorldHealthOrganization. Global Technical Strategy for Malaria for 2016-2030. Geneva: World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme, 2015:32.
203. WorldHealthOrganization. WHO malaria terminology, 2016:31.
204. Hoy AQ. Global health shifts to local experts with global partners. Science 2018;360:868-69. doi: 10.1126/science.360.6391.868
205. Chaki PP, Kannady K, Mtasiwa D, et al. Institutional evolution of a community-based programme for malaria control through larval source management in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2014;13(1) doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-245
206. Killeen GF, Govella NJ, Mlacha YP, et al. Suppression of malaria vector densities and human infection prevalence associated with scale-up of mosquito-proofed housing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: re-analysis of an observational series of parasitological and entomological surveys. The Lancet Planetary Health 2019;3(3):e132-e43. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30035-X
207. IHI-LSTM-UCSF. Innovative Malaria Vector Control. Case Study: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. San Francisco: Malaria Elimination Initiative, 2016:3.
208. Roberts L. Battling over bednets. Science 2007;318:556-59.
209. WorldHealthOrganization. Insecticide treated mosquito nets: A position statement. Geneva: Global Malaria Programme; World Health Organization, 2007:10.
210. Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 2015;526:207–11. doi: 10.1038/nature15535 [published Online First: 2015/09/17]
211. WHO-UNICEF. Achieving the Malaria MDG Target: Reversing the Incidence of Malaria 2000–2015. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, 2015:40.
212. Gething PW, Casey DC, Weiss DJ, et al. Mapping Plasmodium falciparum mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015. N Engl J Med 2016 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606701
213. Vogel G. Fungus with a venom gene could be new mosquito killer. Science 2019;364(6443):817. doi: 10.1126/science.364.6443.817
214. Chanda E. Exploring the effect of house screening: are we making gains? Lancet Planet Health 2019;3(3):e105-06.
215. Killeen GF, Kearney PM, Perry IJ, et al. Long, thin transmission chains of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 may go undetected for several weeks at low to moderate reproduction numbers: Implications for containment and elimination strategy. Infect Dis Model 2021;6:474-89. doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2021.02.002 [published Online First: 20210223]
216. Killeen GF, Kiware SS. Why lockdown? Why national unity? Why global solidarity? Simplified arithmetic tools for decision-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public to explore containment options for the 2019 novel coronavirus. Infect Dis Model 2020;5:442-58. doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.006 [published Online First: 20200703]
217. Killeen GF. Pushing past the tipping points in containment trajectories of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemics: A simple arithmetic rationale for crushing the curve instead of merely flattening it. Infect Dis Model 2020;5:362-65. doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.001 [published Online First: 20200630]
218. Killeen G. Containment strategies for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: flatten the curve or crush it? Eur J Epidemiol 2020;35(8):789-90. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00656-x [published Online First: 20200630]
219. Schmeller D, Courchamp F, Killeen GF. Biodiversity loss, emerging pathogens and human health risks. Biodiversity and Conservation 2020;29:3095-102. doi: 10.1007/s10531-020-02021-6
220. Killeen GF. Zero-COVID strategy the only way to stop a fourth wave of pandemic. Irish Examiner 2021 31 January 2021.
221. Killeen GF. Ireland has a choice to make in how we respond to the Indian variant of Covid-19. Irish Examiner 2021 30 May 2021.
222. Killeen GF. Our urgent choice between living with or without new Covid-19 variants. Business Post 2021 30 May 2021.
223. Killeen GF. Just like measles, elimination of COVID is still feasible in Ireland. Irish Examiner 2021 12 July 2021.
224. Killeen GF. Slowing the growth of the COVID-19 epidemic is simply not enough. Irish Examiner 2020 27 March 2020.
225. Killeen GF. Don’t accept defeatist mantras-we can eliminate COVID-19. Business Post 2020 13 November 2020.
226. Duggan LM, Tarimo LJ, Walsh KA, et al. An effective model for community-based conservation around authorized fishing settlements inside a devolved Wildlife Management Area in southern Tanzania: BioRXive, 2024.
227. Tarimo LJ, Kavishe DR, Butler F, et al. Stakeholder perspectives on the effectiveness of the Ifakara-Lupiro-Mang’ula wildlife management area in Southern Tanzania. Environmental Challenges 2025;20:101214. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101214
228. Bondjers G, Igumbor J, Peixoto A, et al. Supervision: A curriculum to equip both new and experienced PhD supervisors: Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa, 2023.
229. Hamainza B, Sikaala CH, Moonga HB, et al. Incremental impact upon malaria transmission of supplementing pyrethroid-impregnated long-lasting insecticidal nets with indoor residual spraying using pyrethroids or the organophosphate, pirimiphos methyl. Malar J 2016;15:100. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1143-7 [published Online First: 20160218]
230. Chinula D, Hamainza B, Chiwaula J, et al. Impact of malaria vector control interventions implemented in Luangwa District southeastern of Zambia: A 13-year observational time series analysis of malaria trends. PLoS One 2025;20(11):e0336099. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0336099 [published Online First: 20251110]
231. Marais D, Toohey J, Edwards D, et al. Where there is no lawyer: Guidance for fairer contract negotiation in collaborative research partnerships: Council on Health Research for Development, 2013:44.
232. Musolino N, Ladzins J. Fairness in international collaborative research partnerships for health-time for a certification process: The COHRED Fairness Index. UN Special-The Magazine of International Civil Servants 2015;750(June):20-21.
233. Chee G, Pielemeier N, Lion A, et al. Why differentiating between health system support and health system strengthening is needed. Int J Health Plann Manage 2013;28(1):85-94. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2122 [published Online First: 2012/07/09]
234. Allan RJ, Chinula D, Hawley WA, et al. In Conversation with Richard Allan OBE-Preventing mosquito-borne diseases from exacerbating humanitarian crises in the Anthropocene era of unprecedented mass displacement Cork, Ireland: University College Cork; 2024 [Available from: https://youtu.be/oK0ptTu2seY.
235. Allan RJ. Practical new approaches to delivering biologically rational vector control in  the context of conflict displacement, extreme weather events and other natural disasters. University College Cork, 2024.

SUNDRY NON-ESSENTIAL SUPPLEMENTARY READING AND WATCHING MATERIAL FOR ANYONE IN MY CLASSES OR WHO JUST FINDS THESE TOPICS INTERESTING

FIRST, A LITTLE INSPIRATION REGARDING GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH AS AN INVESTMENT IN SAVING THE PLANET

We all need a little hope and inspiration, so here’s a super-short video by the one and only Hans Rosling, showing how we can save the planet for both humans and wildlife if we look after the world’s children properly, which means effective management of pathogen transmission, natural resources and health services in the low-income countries that are home to most of the world’s biodiversity.

Prof Hans Rosling-Crossing the River of Myths: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwII-dwh-bk

STRATEGIC PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES ON MALARIA, ZOONOSES, EMERGING INFECTIONS AND OUR BROADER RELATIONSHIP WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND EACH OTHER

The past, present and future of ecologically-informed malaria vector control: http://mesamalaria.org/resource-hub/astmh-2017-gerry-killeen-past-present-and-threatened-future-residual-malaria

Career adventures with some of the world’s most dangerous animals and pathogens-An African-centred personal perspective: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0i-dU7BICt8

Reengineering our relationship with infectious diseases and with each other-Global threats requiring global solutions: https://ucc.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=73a6f5ab-8020-41a2-8d71-afee00946d36

Plus, some really high-level perspectives from Dr Richard Allan OBE on where climate change, associated conflict and crumbling commitments to global solidarity through multilateral initiatives have taken us, and what needs to be done about that in terms of new vector control technologies for the most vulnerable displaced populations.

In Conversation with Richard Allan OBE-Preventing mosquito-borne diseases from exacerbating humanitarian crises in the Anthropocene era of unprecedented mass displacement: https://youtu.be/oK0ptTu2seY

To learn more about Richard and science-driven humanitarian work he and his colleagues have dedicated their lives to, see the following:

https://mentor-initiative.org/our-story/

https://youtu.be/WlxfjJ2VNkQ?t=23

BOOKS AND PAPERS ON MALARIA, MALARIA VECTORS AND MALARIA VECTOR CONTROL

First, a fascinating bit of informative easy reading:

The Malaria Capers: Tales of Parasites and People, Robert S Desowitz (1991) 978-0393310085:  https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532821

Medical Entomology for Students, Mike W Service (2012) Fifth edition.

Online e-book: https://go.exlibris.link/P29TymXC

Hard copy: https://go.exlibris.link/N4sZYQt0  

Vector Control: Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities (1997) World Health Organization; JA Rozendaal. Online e-book: https://go.exlibris.link/lgsTyWht

Hard copy: https://go.exlibris.link/k6zXCmY6  

A very brief summary of the difficult-to-believe numbers that underpin the extraordinary historical picture of malaria epidemiology in Africa:

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/61/1/article-p109.xml (Reach out to me if you can’t access this via your library)

Followed by a digestible explanation of why global malaria burden is so unevenly and unfairly distributed, largely driven by environmental and biological determinants, the most important of which is rooted in our evolutionary origins in Africa:

https://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/pubs/AmerJournTropMedHyg0504.pdf 

And here’s a nice example of how simple insights, obtained with simple excel-based calculations that I teach our undergraduates, in ZY4022 practical classes can…

https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040229

…change global policy almost overnight, which…

http://medi-guide.meditool.cn/ymtpdf/FBACA171-AF95-DCFA-673E-3FA3AFEB79AE.pdf

…result in millions of lives being saved:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15535

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1606701

https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023

A summary of where that leaves us today:

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/88/5/article-p809.xml

And some explanations of how mosquito behaviour, our understanding of it, institutional capacity factors and global inequity of scientific opportunity determine current and future vector control intervention options:

https://gh.bmj.com/content/2/2/e000198

https://gh.bmj.com/content/2/2/e000211.long

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/61802

Videos illustrating examples of malaria vector surveillance and control is carried out in Africa these days:

https://youtu.be/x6KZoDm0RVw

https://youtu.be/nm6u5rDMXfk

Examples of public engagement videos for routine day-to-day activities of decentralized, locally tailored and managed US mosquito control boards, the most insightful of which is the last:

https://youtu.be/X-TMFeZexPc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-NhxRjtoho

https://youtu.be/V9Br3Jrzzxk   

A description of how larval source management for malaria vector control was institutionalized in the Tanzanian City of Dar es Salaam:

https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-245

Descriptions of how integrated mosquito abatement programmes in the USA and Australia function as devolved institutions, and how those approaches might be adapted in Africa:

https://core.ac.uk/reader/143851635?utm_source=linkout

https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-023-04829-3

BROADER GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INCLUDING ZOONOSES, EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIONS

Again, a little inspiration, this time in relation to real-life experiences with containment and elimination of one of the world’s most terrifying emerging infections in even the most challenging of circumstances:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Lxh187oX_I

All of the following pieces by Robert Desowitz are wonderfully compelling, easy to read and really insightful, especially with respect to the real human lived experiences arising from human interactions with pathogens:

New Guinea Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers (1981) ISBN 978-0393304268; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3531455

Federal Bodysnatchers and the New Guinea Virus (2004) ISBN 978-0393325461; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532823

Tropical Diseases: From 50,000 BC to 2500 AD (1997) ISBN 978-0002555173; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532820

Who gave Pinta to the Santa Maria-torrid diseases in a temperate world (1997) ISBN 978-0393040845; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532816

Thorn in the Starfish: The Immune System and How It Works (1998) 978-0393305562;

SOME GRIPPING MOVIES AND ASSOCIATED READING MATERIAL

Contagion is by far the most realistic movie available about a pandemic, written and directed with full support from a former CDC expert:

https://youtu.be/4sYSyuuLk5g

The Ghost and the Darkness (Movie of the book listed above, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo), giving a brutally graphic illustration of the indirect impacts upon humans that exotic pathogens, in this case rinderpest, can cause: https://youtu.be/hoT2gNErwP0

An enthralling movie called The Constant Gardener, based on an excellent novel, centred around multi-drug resistant TB, gross geographic health inequities and how they can get exacerbated through exploitative, weakly regulated research and business development practices: https://youtu.be/1l1lzzfpWFU

In case any of you might think this work of fiction is far-fetched, all I say is that there’s not much in here that I haven’t seen something similar to first-hand, and there’s a small line hidden in the closing credits by Le Carre himself that is worth reading and thinking about.

For those of you interested in the roots of internal conflict in Sudan and would like a graphic idea of what ethnic cleansing by government-backed militia groups, like the Janjaweed who have now morphed into the Rapid Support Forces, see the raid at the end of this excellent movie. To learn more about how that long-standing conflict looks and feels like from a local perspective, either today or going back over 40 years to the earliest of the proxy wars against ethnic African across Sudan, respectively see the following:

https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2024/4/15/birth-death-escape-three-womens-struggle-through-sudans-war?s=03

What is the what? (2008) Dave Eggers/Valentino Achak Deng; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b2103486

And here’s a highly entertaining but nevertheless factual film about the history of a conflict that created the global pandemic of multidrug resistant TB and one of the two last remaining foci of polio transmission on the planet. Pay special attention to the bit at the end of Charlie Wilson’s War about the endgame:

https://youtu.be/G1mnSjjeC2o

For those of you who would like to understand how spending patterns in high income countries can cause major problems in vulnerable low-income countries, and how a little care about how we do our shopping can make all the difference, here’s Blood Diamond, which is fictional but based on a very real-life story of horror and solutions:

https://youtu.be/r0iDAjXWU4Q

To get some idea of how this film gets across the business model underpinning the civil wars that still plague much of Africa, just replace Colonel Coetzee and his private army with new players from other nations and update to accommodate modern technology and blended warfare models:

https://theconversation.com/drones-disinformation-and-guns-for-hire-are-reshaping-conflict-in-africa-new-book-tracks-the-trends-262256

And to understand the soft loans and debt traps that make already-poor countries even more vulnerable to destabilization by outside interests, Dead Aid by experienced Zambian economist Dambisa Moyo is informative:

https://go.exlibris.link/VhZJ0KkF

PLANETARY HEALTH, BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT, ZOONOSES AND EMERGING INFECTIONS

Some brief “in a nutshell” perspectives from myself and two of my fellow AXA Research Chair recipients: 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-020-02021-6

Plus, an explanation of how the best-protected conservation areas across Africa may help us combat malaria more effectively in the future:

https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/0321/1439134-adam-and-eve-of-mosquitoes-malaria-tanzania-research/

The inspirational Oscar-nominated documentary Virunga, about how the rangers of the national park of the same name risk their lives to protect one of the world’s most fabulous surviving natural ecosystems:

https://www.netflix.com/ie/title/80009431

An explanation of how most of the world's biological carbon sequestration capacity and surviving biodiversity lies in the fabulous forests, woodlands and floodplains of the tropics:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2784-9

Furthermore, the ongoing degradation of these invaluable tropical habitats is accelerating the emergence of novel pathogens, demonstrating how investment conserving them will also protect world’s entire population against future pandemics.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2018.0403

Note that the rural communities living at fringes of such high biodiversity areas, where ongoing habitat degradation and emerging infection risks is greatest, are among the most disadvantaged in the world. Effective community-based conservation schemes in and around these exceptional ecosystems can therefore simultaneously alleviate extreme poverty, suppress pandemics and mitigate against climate change, while also preserving our collective global natural heritage.

To get some real-world insights into how such communities still live alongside mother nature, the BBC documentary series Human Planet is both insightful and entertaining:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00llpvp

For further information on our ongoing work with such community-based conservation and rural development initiatives, see the following:

https://www.ucc.ie/en/eri/projects/population-stabilizing-portfolio-effects-of-fine-scale-environmental-variations-in-natural-resource-availability-to-malaria-vector-mosquitoes-characterization-and-implications-for-malaria-vector-control-strategies.html

https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/0321/1439134-adam-and-eve-of-mosquitoes-malaria-tanzania-research/

And just to finish with the most encouraging example of how modest investments in climate action can have huge beneficial impacts on the most fabulous tropical ecosystems and the communities who look after them, I recommend the following service provider as a wonderful way to cancel out the carbon footprint you will generate when you travel to see them for yourself:

 https://carbontanzania.com/

AFRICAN WILDLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMS

For anyone seeking inspiration to invest in tropical ecosystem conservation by simply becoming an enthusiastic paying tourist (Please include carbon emission offset costs in your budget and rest assured these also help sustain pristine tropical ecosystems), the following book can easily become a life-long addiction, allowing you to watch and understand Africa’s megafauna rather than just see it:

The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals (2012) Richard D Estes; ISBN 978-0520272972; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532825

Once that fire is lit, the following may fan the flames further:

National Audubon Society Field Guide to African Animals (1995) Alden et al; ISBN 0679432345; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3531457

The Kingdon Pocket Guide to African Mammals (2016) Jonathan Kingdon; ISBN: 978-0691203522; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3580119

A Field Guide to the Tracks and Signs of Southern and East African Wildlife (2000) Chris & Tilde Stewart; ISBN 978-1868725588; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532824

Birds of East Africa (2020) Stevenson, Fanshaw, Small & Gale; 978-0691158259; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3580120

Beat about the Bush-Mammals (2008) Trevor Carnaby; ISBN 978-1770092402

Beat about the bush-Birds (2008) Trevor Carnaby; ISBN 978-1770092419

BIG CATS, LIONS, THE GREAT RINDERPEST ENZOOTIC AND IRISHMEN LOST IN EAST AFRICA

Big cats, especially lions, have key role as iconic species that inspire us all to enjoy and conserve the world’s remaining natural tropical ecosystems, so the following may help motivate climate action by doing exactly that. Having spent plenty of quality time with them in the bush, and more recently at Fota Wildlife Park in Cork (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/zoo.21778) I must say they also have a very special place in my heart, so here’s a few morsels to whet the appetite:

Beauty and the beasts-A leopards tale: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x76odr7

Lion Battlefield: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8qobl9

The following are invaluable for understanding their thought processes and body language:

Into the pride with Dave Salmoni: https://tv.youtube.com/browse/into-the-pride-UCMVK6O4YIQbP69U2bCHTjpw

Killer IQ-Lion versus hyena: https://youtu.be/s2VpqlxlB5s

Inside the mind of a cat: https://www.netflix.com/ie/title/81447086 and

https://www.imdb.com/video/vi168149529/?playlistId=tt21340412&ref_=tt_pr_ov_vi

For an extraordinary “Don’t try this at home, folks!” true tale of a unique relationship between man and best, here’s the full length video on the story behind the wonderful book A Lion Called Christian (Anthony Burke; 2010; ISBN 978-0553820607: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ-da0AZcRU

And the shorter version of the reunion: https://youtu.be/cvCjyWp3rEk

But just in case anyone gets too carried away and might be tempted to give a lion a hug:

Brothers in Blood: https://archive.org/details/the.lions.of.sabi.sand.brothers.in.blood.2015.webdl.x264rarbg

Also, two quite different books by Irish Authors about amazing experiences and success centred around the consequences of and response to the great rinderpest enzootic that across east Africa, in both cases involving hair-raising experiences with lions.

The Man Eaters of Tsavo (1907) John H Patterson; ISBN 978-1515432975; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b1065925

Destination 5 (2003) Robert P Lee; ISBN 0-907-67779-7; Hard to find but a great book and I was lucky to meet with Robert Lee and listen to his experiences face-to-face when I was a younger man.

IN DEPTH RESOURCES FOR THOSE DEVELOPING CAREER INTERESTS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL, ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION OR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES

To understand the historical forces that have shaped my favourite continent and made its wonderful people who they are today:

The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century (2018) by Roland Oliver; ISBN 978-0813390420.

To understand what great African leadership looks like, of course:

Long walk to freedom: (1994) by Nelson Mandela. ISBN 0316909653; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b1228505

To engage with people, experience their culture through everyday life and live a rich life in Tanzania or some neighbouring countries, put all the tempting apps and tourist phrasebooks aside to go old school with a book that has stood the test of time:

Simplified Swahili (1985) Peter M Wilson; ISBN 978-058262358; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3532826

And for those spending lots of time in isolated rural or wilderness areas, where professional medical care may not be available when it is needed:

Where there is no Doctor (2022) David Werner; ISBN 978-0942364156; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3549958

For those interested in getting into the technicalities of parasites in particular, the following suggestions by Prof Celia Holland at Trinity College Dublin are excellent:

Parasitism: The ecology and evolution of intimate interactions (2001) Claude Coombs; ISBN 978-0226114460, recommended as “a great book to dip in to”:

https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3580128

Parasites and the behaviour of animals (2002) by Janice Moore (ISBN 978-0195146530) is “a classic” according to Celia:

https://library.ucc.ie/record=b1537184 (Printed hard copy)

https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ucc.idm.oclc.org/lib/uccie-ebooks/detail.action?docID=281442 (Electronic version)

Parasitology: A conceptual approach (2015) by Loker & Hofkin (ISBN 978-0815344735) is recommended as “a textbook with a difference”.

For the really incurable African wildlife geek:

The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (2018) Jonathan Kingdon; ISBN 978-1472962447; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3531450

Tracker manual: A practical guide to animal tracking in southern Africa (2017) van der Heever et al; 9781775843351; https://library.ucc.ie/record=b3531449

Plus, all the old documentaries of Derek and Beverly Joubert:

https://www.wildlifefilms.co/

And for those interested in advancing wildlife conservation in a complicated world:

Conflicts in Conservation: Navigating Towards Solutions (2015) Redpath, S., Gutiérrez, R., Wood, K., & Young; ISBN 978-1139084574 https://www-cambridge-org.ucc.idm.oclc.org/core/books/conflicts-in-conservation/B95F425AAADCA6E9734F2F7DC9737C7A