美英澳科技社团参与科技政策制定的“制度接口”分析

在全球科技治理日益制度化的背景下，科技社团在各国科技政策制定中的作用持续上升。然而，现有政策过程理论多聚焦于参与者间的互动与策略，较少讨论科技社团“如何被制度性地纳入政策制定过程”。该文通过对来自美国、英国与澳大利亚三国五个科技社团的比较研究，归纳出三类制度接口类型，即法定授权型、协作嵌入型、机会响应型。同时，超越现有政策过程理论关于“谁能参与”的分析，将“如何进入”纳入制度分析视野，揭示科技社团在不同制度接口下的嵌入机制，为科技政策研究提供一个新的结构性分析的视角，为政策过程理论关于制度准入机制的新解释作了有益的补充。

As global science and technology governance becomes increasingly institutionalized, scientific and professional associations are playing a growing role in national science and technology policymaking. However, existing policy process theories tend to focus on interactions and strategic behavior among policy actors, paying relatively little attention to how such associations are institutionally incorporated into the policymaking process. Drawing on a comparative study of five scientific and professional associations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, this paper identifies three types of institutional interfaces through which these organizations engage with policymaking: statutory authorization, collaborative embedding, and opportunity-driven engagement. Moving beyond the conventional focus of policy process theories on who participates, this study brings the question of how actors gain entry into the policymaking process into an institutional analytical framework. In doing so, it reveals the mechanisms through which scientific and professional associations become embedded within policymaking structures under different institutional interfaces. By introducing this structural perspective, the paper provides a new analytical lens for the study of science and technology policy and offers a useful complement to existing policy process theories by explaining institutional access mechanisms in greater depth.