Above-ground hydrogen storage: A state-of-the-art review

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a clean energy alternative, offering effective storage solutions for widespread adoption. Advancements in storage, electrolysis, and fuel cell technologies position hydrogen as a pathway toward cleaner, more efficient, and resilient energy solutions across various sectors. However, challenges like infrastructure development, cost-effectiveness, and system integration must be addressed. This review comprehensively examines above-ground hydrogen storage technologies and their applications. It highlights the importance of established hydrogen fuel cell infrastructure, particularly in gaseous and LH₂ systems. The review favors material-based storage for medium- and long-term needs, addressing challenges like adverse thermodynamics and kinetics for metal hydrides. It explores hydrogen storage applications in mobile and stationary sectors, including fuel-cell electric vehicles, aviation, maritime, power generation systems, off-grid stations, power backups, and combined renewable energy systems. The paper underscores hydrogen's potential to revolutionize stationary applications and co-generation systems, highlighting its significant role in future energy landscapes.