An early neutrophil recruitment into the infectious site is critical for bacterial lipoprotein tolerance–afforded protection against microbial sepsis

Bacterial lipoprotein (BLP)–induced tolerance represents an essential regulatory mechanism during bacterial infection and has been shown to protect against microbial sepsis. This protection is generally attributed to BLP-tolerized monocytes/macrophages characterized by hyporesponsiveness in producing inflammatory cytokines and, simultaneously, an augmented antimicrobial activity. However, the contribution of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), another major player in innate immunity against bacterial infection, to BLP tolerance–afforded protection against microbial sepsis has not been identified. In this study, we report that induction of BLP tolerance protected mice against cecal ligation and puncture–induced polymicrobial sepsis, with significantly improved survival. Importantly, BLP tolerization via i.p. injection triggered an early PMN recruitment even before bacterial infection and promoted further PMN influx into the infectious site (i.e., the peritoneal cavity upon cecal ligation and puncture–associated septic challenge). Notably, this early PMN influx was mediated by BLP tolerization–induced PMN chemoattractant CXCL2-formed concentration gradient between the circulation and peritoneal cavity. Critically, blockage of PMN influx with the CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 abolished BLP tolerance–afforded protection and rendered BLP-tolerized mice more vulnerable to microbial infection with impaired bacterial clearance and increased overall mortality. Thus, our results highlight that an early recruitment of PMNs in the infectious site, as an important cellular mechanism, contributes to BLP tolerance–afforded protection against microbial sepsis.