TY - JOUR
T1 - Diet Is a Stronger Covariate Than Exercise in Determining Gut Microbial Richness and Diversity
AU - Yun, Eon Joo
AU - Imdad, Saba
AU - Jang, Junho
AU - Park, Jinhan
AU - So, Byunghun
AU - Kim, Jin Hee
AU - Kang, Chounghun
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/6/1
Y1 - 2022/6/1
N2 - Obesity is a common metabolic disorder caused by a sedentary lifestyle, and a high‐fat and a high‐glucose diet in the form of fast foods. High‐fat diet‐induced obesity is a major cause of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, whereas exercise and physical activity can ameliorate these disorders. Moreover, exercise and the gut microbiota are known to be interconnected, since exercise can increase the gut microbial diversity and contribute to the beneficial health effects. In this context, we analyzed the effect of diet and exercise on the gut microbiota of mice, by next‐generation sequencing of the bacterial V4 region of 16S rRNA. Briefly, mice were divided into four groups: chow-diet (CD), high‐fat diet (HFD), high‐fat diet + exercise (HFX), and exercise‐only (EX). The mice un-derwent treadmill exercise and diet intervention for 8 weeks, followed by the collection of their feces and DNA extraction for sequencing. The data were analyzed using the QIIME 2 bioinformatics platform and R software to assess their gut microbial composition, richness, and diversity. The Bac-teroidetes to Firmicutes ratio was found to be decreased manifold in the HFD and HFX groups compared to the CD and EX groups. The gut microbial richness was comparatively lower in the HFD and HFX groups and higher in the CD and EX groups (ACE, Chao1, and observed OTUs). However, the Shannon alpha diversity index was higher in the HFD and HFX groups than in the CD and EX groups. The beta diversity based on Jaccard, Bray–Curtis, and weighted UniFrac distance metrics was significant among the groups, as measured by PERMANOVA. Paraprevotella, Desulfovibrio, and Lactococcus were the differentially abundant/present genera based on the intervention groups and in addition to these three bacteria, Butyricimonas and Desulfovibrio C21c20 were differentially abundant/present based on diet. Hence, diet significantly contributed to the majority of the changes in the gut microbiota.
AB - Obesity is a common metabolic disorder caused by a sedentary lifestyle, and a high‐fat and a high‐glucose diet in the form of fast foods. High‐fat diet‐induced obesity is a major cause of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, whereas exercise and physical activity can ameliorate these disorders. Moreover, exercise and the gut microbiota are known to be interconnected, since exercise can increase the gut microbial diversity and contribute to the beneficial health effects. In this context, we analyzed the effect of diet and exercise on the gut microbiota of mice, by next‐generation sequencing of the bacterial V4 region of 16S rRNA. Briefly, mice were divided into four groups: chow-diet (CD), high‐fat diet (HFD), high‐fat diet + exercise (HFX), and exercise‐only (EX). The mice un-derwent treadmill exercise and diet intervention for 8 weeks, followed by the collection of their feces and DNA extraction for sequencing. The data were analyzed using the QIIME 2 bioinformatics platform and R software to assess their gut microbial composition, richness, and diversity. The Bac-teroidetes to Firmicutes ratio was found to be decreased manifold in the HFD and HFX groups compared to the CD and EX groups. The gut microbial richness was comparatively lower in the HFD and HFX groups and higher in the CD and EX groups (ACE, Chao1, and observed OTUs). However, the Shannon alpha diversity index was higher in the HFD and HFX groups than in the CD and EX groups. The beta diversity based on Jaccard, Bray–Curtis, and weighted UniFrac distance metrics was significant among the groups, as measured by PERMANOVA. Paraprevotella, Desulfovibrio, and Lactococcus were the differentially abundant/present genera based on the intervention groups and in addition to these three bacteria, Butyricimonas and Desulfovibrio C21c20 were differentially abundant/present based on diet. Hence, diet significantly contributed to the majority of the changes in the gut microbiota.
KW - 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing
KW - high‐fat diet
KW - microbiota diversity and richness
KW - mouse gut microbiome
KW - next‐generation sequencing (NGS)
KW - QIIME 2
KW - treadmill exercise
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85132865678
U2 - 10.3390/nu14122507
DO - 10.3390/nu14122507
M3 - Article
C2 - 35745235
AN - SCOPUS:85132865678
SN - 2072-6643
VL - 14
JO - Nutrients
JF - Nutrients
IS - 12
M1 - 2507
ER -
