Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platforms Using Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites

The last decade has witnessed tremendous advances in the fabrication and application of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites (G/GN) towards the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for diversifi ed analytes of clinical, security, environmental and bioanalytical interest. With unique and highly desirable morphology, chemical/thermal stability and electrochemical properties, G/GN are paving way to the implementation of mediatorless electrochemical detection schemes with direct electron transfer. Th is biosensing approach has led to the development of critically improved biosensors having superior analytical performance, high sensitivity, low detection limit, high precision, high specifi city, low working potentials and prolonged stability. Th is chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the fi eld apart from providing intensive information about the fabrication, properties, and electrochemical applications of the graphene family. Th e key challenges in the fi eld will also be addressed along with the trends in nanobiotechnology and the requirements for healthcare and industrial applications.