Enhancing DC microgrid security: A comprehensive review of protection challenges and solutions

DC microgrids (DCMG) hold great potential for effectively managing energy in residential, commercial, and industrial settings due to their ease of integration, distribution, economic advantages, energy efficiency, flexibility, and reliability. However, the adoption of DCMG is significantly hindered by the intermittent nature of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and the lack of efficient and accurate commercial protection strategies which could enhance reliability and stability. To encourage new researchers and technology developers to create DCMG protection schemes, standards and technologies similar to those in AC microgrids (ACMG), a thorough evaluation of the existing DCMG protection methods is essential. It is crucial to propose appropriate solutions and future directions for challenges encountered in DCMG protection schemes, such as bidirectional power flow, grounding, and high-impedance fault protection. This study also emphasises the importance of intelligent and self-healing power systems, highlighting the growing significance of incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into a cyber secured system. A comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing approaches were conducted to identify research gaps and future opportunities. The goal is to motivate academics, regulators, and policymakers to evaluate and establish standards for DCMG protection that are analogous to those in ACMG, ensuring the stability and durability of DCMG systems.