Four men in a boat: Ultra-endurance exercise alters the gut microbiome

Objectives: Compositional and functional adaptions occur in the gut microbiome in response to habitual physical activity. The response of the gut microbiome to sustained, intense exercise in previously active individuals, however, is unknown. This study aimed to prospectively explore the gut microbiome response of four well-trained male athletes to prolonged, high intensity trans-oceanic rowing, describing changes in microbial diversity, abundance and metabolic capacity. Design: A prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject report. Methods: Serial stool samples were obtained from four male athletes for metagenomic whole-genome shotgun sequencing to record microbial community structure and relevant functional gene profiles before, during and after a continuous, unsupported 33-day, 5000 km transoceanic rowing race. Calorific intake and macronutrient composition were recorded by validated food frequency questionnaire and anthropometry was determined by body composition analysis and cardiorespiratory testing. Results: Microbial diversity increased throughout the ultra-endurance event. Variations in taxonomic composition included increased abundance of butyrate producing species and species associated with improved metabolic health, including improved insulin sensitivity. The functional potential of bacterial species involved in specific amino and fatty acid biosynthesis also increased. Many of the adaptions in microbial community structure and metaproteomics persisted at three months follow up. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that prolonged, intense exercise positively influences gut microbial diversity, increases the relative abundance of some bacterial species and up-regulates the metabolic potential of specific pathways expressing microbial gene products. These adaptions may play a compensatory role in controlling the physiological stress associated with sustained exertion as well as negating the deleterious consequences accompanying endurance exercise.