Immune Mechanisms Underpinning Long COVID: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024

Eva Untersmayr; Carina Venter; Peter Smith; Johanna Rohrhofer; Cebile Ndwandwe; Jurgen Schwarze; Emer Shannon; Milena Sokolowska; Corinna Sadlier; Liam O’Mahony

doi:10.1159/000535736

Immune Mechanisms Underpinning Long COVID: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024

Eva Untersmayr
, Carina Venter
, Peter Smith
, Johanna Rohrhofer
, Cebile Ndwandwe
, Jurgen Schwarze
, Emer Shannon
, Milena Sokolowska
, Corinna Sadlier
, Liam O’Mahony

APC Microbiome Ireland

Medical University of Vienna
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
Griffith University Queensland
University College Cork
University of Edinburgh
University of Zurich

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in a prolonged multisystem disorder termed long COVID, which may affect up to 10% of people following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is currently unclear why certain individuals do not fully recover following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Summary: In this review, we examine immunological mechanisms that may underpin the pathophysiology of long COVID. These mechanisms include an inappropriate immune response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune cell exhaustion, immune cell metabolic reprogramming, a persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, reactivation of other viruses, inflammatory responses impacting the central nervous system, autoimmunity, microbiome dysbiosis, and dietary factors. Key Messages: Unfortunately, the currently available diagnostic and treatment options for long COVID are inadequate, and more clinical trials are needed that match experimental interventions to underlying immunological mechanisms.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	489-502
Number of pages	14
Journal	International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
Volume	185
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1159/000535736
Publication status	Published - 22 Jan 2024

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Keywords

Inflammation
Long COVID
Microbiota
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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10.1159/000535736

Cite this

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title = "Immune Mechanisms Underpinning Long COVID: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024",

abstract = "Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in a prolonged multisystem disorder termed long COVID, which may affect up to 10\% of people following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is currently unclear why certain individuals do not fully recover following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Summary: In this review, we examine immunological mechanisms that may underpin the pathophysiology of long COVID. These mechanisms include an inappropriate immune response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune cell exhaustion, immune cell metabolic reprogramming, a persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, reactivation of other viruses, inflammatory responses impacting the central nervous system, autoimmunity, microbiome dysbiosis, and dietary factors. Key Messages: Unfortunately, the currently available diagnostic and treatment options for long COVID are inadequate, and more clinical trials are needed that match experimental interventions to underlying immunological mechanisms.",

keywords = "Inflammation, Long COVID, Microbiota, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2",

author = "Eva Untersmayr and Carina Venter and Peter Smith and Johanna Rohrhofer and Cebile Ndwandwe and Jurgen Schwarze and Emer Shannon and Milena Sokolowska and Corinna Sadlier and Liam O{\textquoteright}Mahony",

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year = "2024",

month = jan,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1159/000535736",

language = "English",

volume = "185",

pages = "489--502",

journal = "International Archives of Allergy and Immunology",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Immune Mechanisms Underpinning Long COVID

T2 - Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024

AU - Untersmayr, Eva

AU - Venter, Carina

AU - Smith, Peter

AU - Rohrhofer, Johanna

AU - Ndwandwe, Cebile

AU - Schwarze, Jurgen

AU - Shannon, Emer

AU - Sokolowska, Milena

AU - Sadlier, Corinna

AU - O’Mahony, Liam

PY - 2024/1/22

Y1 - 2024/1/22

N2 - Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in a prolonged multisystem disorder termed long COVID, which may affect up to 10% of people following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is currently unclear why certain individuals do not fully recover following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Summary: In this review, we examine immunological mechanisms that may underpin the pathophysiology of long COVID. These mechanisms include an inappropriate immune response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune cell exhaustion, immune cell metabolic reprogramming, a persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, reactivation of other viruses, inflammatory responses impacting the central nervous system, autoimmunity, microbiome dysbiosis, and dietary factors. Key Messages: Unfortunately, the currently available diagnostic and treatment options for long COVID are inadequate, and more clinical trials are needed that match experimental interventions to underlying immunological mechanisms.

AB - Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in a prolonged multisystem disorder termed long COVID, which may affect up to 10% of people following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is currently unclear why certain individuals do not fully recover following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Summary: In this review, we examine immunological mechanisms that may underpin the pathophysiology of long COVID. These mechanisms include an inappropriate immune response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune cell exhaustion, immune cell metabolic reprogramming, a persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, reactivation of other viruses, inflammatory responses impacting the central nervous system, autoimmunity, microbiome dysbiosis, and dietary factors. Key Messages: Unfortunately, the currently available diagnostic and treatment options for long COVID are inadequate, and more clinical trials are needed that match experimental interventions to underlying immunological mechanisms.

KW - Inflammation

KW - Long COVID

KW - Microbiota

KW - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85183848575

U2 - 10.1159/000535736

DO - 10.1159/000535736

M3 - Review article

C2 - 38253027

AN - SCOPUS:85183848575

SN - 1018-2438

VL - 185

SP - 489

EP - 502

JO - International Archives of Allergy and Immunology

JF - International Archives of Allergy and Immunology

IS - 5

ER -

Immune Mechanisms Underpinning Long COVID: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024

Abstract

UN SDGs

Keywords

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