Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacterial pathogens

Isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential for cell survival. Over 35 000 isoprenoid molecules have been identified to date in the three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes), and these molecules are involved in a wide variety of vital biological functions. Isoprenoids may be synthesized via one of two independent nonhomologous pathways, the classical mevalonate pathway or the alternative 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Given that isoprenoids are indispensable, enzymes involved in their production have been investigated as potential drug targets. It has also been observed that the MEP pathway intermediate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (HMB-PP) can activate human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. Herein we review isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacterial pathogens. The role of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways in host-pathogen interactions (virulence potential and immune stimulation) is examined. Finally, the design of antimicrobial drugs that target isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways is discussed. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.