Limits to mobility: Competence and qualifications in Europe

This paper aims to explore structural and systemic influences in the development of competence models and qualifications systems at sectoral and national levels across Europe, considering the influences of different socioeconomic models of skill formation on the processes of design and provision of qualifications. The paper is based on a meta analysis of three European projects that used literature review, documentary analysis and interviews with practitioners and policy makers. The main methodological and practical challenges posed by varieties of competence and qualifications to intercountry comparability of qualifications are shown to be related to different socioeconomic models of skill formation. The research is limited to 13 countries and four sectors but these were carefully selected to maximise coverage of European diversity with respect to competence models, training regimes and approaches to qualifications. There is clearly a need for further research involving more countries and sectors. The paper offers recommendations for improving the potential of the European Qualifications Framework to promote comparability of qualifications and hence mobility of labour. These recommendations will be of interest to policy makers and practitioners involved in using the EQF and similar instruments. This is the first systematic attempt to explore the methodological and practical difficulties of establishing comparability between qualifications.