Marine Renewable Energies and Maritime Spatial Planning: different national proposals for their legal and spatial context reorganization

Maritime spatial planning (MSP) and the development of marine renewable energies are vital components towards sustainable use of ocean space, its governance, and the transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of national maritime spatial plans and marine renewable energy (MRE) strategies of, France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. The study examines various key aspects, including the legal framework, responsible authorities, public involvement, current implementation status, data availability, types of uses included in the plans, compatibility with national energy and climate targets, quantitative production objectives for MREs, identified zones, limiting factors and challenges, interactions between MSP and MRE consenting, compatibility with marine protected areas, and the integration of environmental risk analysis in MSP. The findings highlight both similarities and differences in approaches and strategies adopted by these countries, contributing to a better understanding of their respective maritime governance practices.