Noninvasive probing of inhibitory effects of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LR using cell-based impedance spectroscopy

In an effort to develop a noninvasive method for assessment of cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water, plausible cytotoxicity/inhibition of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin was evaluated by cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) using three different cell lines. Sf9 insect cells were attached to concanavalin A coated gold electrodes, whereas Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human embryo kidney (HEK) cells were attached to a fibronectin or laminin coated gold surface. Cytotoxic or inhibitory effects were dependent upon the cell line and the extracellular matrix (ECM) coating. Neither toxin exhibited any appreciable effect on the insect cells. In contrast, cytotoxicity of cylindrospermopsin on CHO cells was attested by both ECIS and viability tests. The half-inhibition concentration (ECIS₅₀) of cylindrospermopsin for CHO cells was ∼2 μg/mL (ppm) after 20 h of exposure and 4 μg/mL (ppm) after 30 h of exposure for a laminin or fibronectin coated surface. ECIS confirmed no significant effect of cylindrospermopsin on HEK cells. Microcystin-LR was also tested with CHO cells, resulting in an ECIS₅₀ value of ∼12 μg/mL (ppm) after 25 h of exposure for a laminin coated gold surface. The effect of microcystin-LR on CHO cells probed by ECIS was inhibitory rather than cytotoxic, as confirmed by cell viability assays.