Pesticide Exposure and Parkinson's Disease: A Qualitative Study of Experiences in Ireland

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting an estimated 10 million people globally, and its incidence rate is rising rapidly. PD most commonly develops sporadically, with only 5%–10% of cases linked to genetic causes. Environmental factors, including exposure to pesticides, have been associated with a higher risk of PD. Multiple studies have shown an increased incidence of PD in geographical regions which have high levels of pesticide use. However, there is little data on links between pesticide exposure and PD in Ireland, and the experiences of Irish people with PD in relation to pesticides remain underexplored. Aim: To conduct a qualitative study to explore the experiences and perceptions of individuals in Ireland regarding the potential links between occupational and environmental pesticide exposure and PD. Methods: This qualitative study investigated the experiences of individuals with PD and their families in Ireland, regarding pesticide exposure. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants, including people with Parkinson's (PwP) and their close relatives. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants from farming and rural communities. The semi-structured interviews lasted 10–15 min, and data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The research adhered to ethical guidelines, including informed consent and confidentiality. Results: Three main themes were identiifed from the analysis: ‘Occupation-Related Pesticide Exposure and PD Risk’, ‘Dangers of Pesticides, and Barriers to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Usage’, and ‘Family and Community Influence/Mixed Messaging about Pesticide Safety’. Participants frequently reported significant pesticide exposure due to occupational activities or living in agricultural areas. Many people highlighted inadequate use of PPE and described how exposure was often unregulated or unavoidable. Family and community contexts further compounded exposure risks. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for heightened awareness and education regarding risks associated with pesticide exposure. It reveals gaps in the application of protective measures and highlights a need for improved regulation of safety protocols. Patient or Public Contribution: The design and conduct of this study were supported by people with Parkinson's disease and their family members, as well as members of the public who have experience with pesticide use. In advance of the study, members of the Cork branch of Parkinson's Ireland reviewed the research question, methodology and interview schedules, and provided feedback on these, which was incorporated into the study.