Release characteristics of anionic drug compounds from liquid crystalline gels: Part II. The effects of ion pairing and buffering on the passive delivery of anionic drugs across non-rate-limiting membranes

This is the second in a series of papers that report on the release and transport of a range of anionic drugs (diclofenac, salicylic acid) from liquid crystalline gels and ultimately on their use in transdermal delivery. The previous paper [Fitzpatrick, D., Corish, J., 2005. Release characteristics of anionic drug compounds from liquid crystalline gels for transdermal delivery. Part I. Passive release across non-rate limiting membranes. Int. J. Pharm. 301, 226-236] investigated passive release profiles across a non-rate-limiting membrane: here we report on the search for a suitable model enhancer (benzyl dimethyldodecyl ammonium bromide) for the transdermal delivery of anionic compounds. The results presented reveal a significant role for ion pairing and for buffering, analogous to those found in the investigations of cationic species (salbutamol) by Nolan, L.M.A., Corish, J., Corrigan, O.I., Fitzpatrick, D., 2003. Iontophoretic and chemical enhancement of drug delivery. Part I. Across artificial membranes. Int. J. Pharm. 12, 41-55. The method of vehicle preparation is also investigated. It is shown that ion pairing of the drug with the enhancer decreases the amount of drug available for transport from the liquid crystalline gels into aqueous receptor media. This decrease is directly related to the ratio of the concentration of drug to that of the enhancer. Buffering the vehicle inhibits the ion-pair formation to some extent. Vehicle preparation was also found to influence the degree of ion-pair association. The inclusion of a similarly charged enhancer (oleic acid) to the drug was found not to impede the diffusion of the drug from the gels.