The behavioural, toxicological, and biochemical effects of caffeine on Lumbriculus variegatus

Caffeine is an emerging contaminant of concern frequently detected in freshwater systems, yet the behavioural, toxicological and biochemical effects of caffeine in aquatic invertebrates remain poorly characterised. Here, we investigate the effects of caffeine exposure on survival, behaviour, locomotion, and energy stores in the freshwater annelid Lumbriculus variegatus. Exposure to ≥5.0mM caffeine for 10minutes or ≥3.0mM for 24hours reduced stimulated behaviours, with locomotion suppressed at ≥5.0mM (10minutes) and ≥1.0mM (24hours) (p <.05, n = 8), which persisted 24hours after exposure to 10mM (10minutes) or 3.5mM (24hours). A 24-hour LC50 of 4.7mM (95% CI: 4.60-4.70mM) was observed, with significant lethality after seven days at 4.5mM (p <.0001). These findings provide the first characterisation of caffeine's effects in L. variegatus and inform environmental risk assessment of caffeine in freshwater systems.