Violence against politicians in Ireland: what does it look like and how is it gendered?

This paper investigates the phenomenon of political violence (harassment, intimidation, threats and abuse) directed at politicians in Ireland. We ask: to what extent is it gendered in scope, form, and consequences? Our analysis finds evidence of gender differences with respect to the prevalence and nature of political violence. In comparison to men, women politicians in Ireland experience political violence more often, are more frequently subjected to psychological violence, and are more likely to be subject to violence with sexual connotations. We also find evidence of gendered consequences, with more women than men reporting that their political engagement has made them feel more afraid and less willing to run for election in future.