Vowel imaging

Various imaging techniques have been used for directly viewing or tracing articulatory movements during vowel production. Some of the instruments were developed to investigate normal speech and were subsequently used for disordered speech. Others were developed to investigate different body parts and were later applied to the articulators for examining the cause of vowel misarticulation. The techniques described in this chapter include electropalatography (EPG), ultrasound, x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and motion tracking— electromagnetic articulography and optoelectronic. They are presented in the order of how commonly they have been used in research and clinical settings and this starts with EPG.